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Biology Links
Welcome to the Biology links page. These links are provided as additional information to go along with the topics covered on my website. At the time of this posting, the links are all in working order, but if you come across one that doesn't work, please contact me at WWDD.
Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution
An essay by Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975).
The Open Directory goal is to produce the most comprehensive directory of the web, by relying on a vast army of volunteer editors. For more depth than you can find here, for almost any topic in science, see this website.
Learn Biology Online
Biology is a vast subject. A proper understanding of biology or evolution requires also some comprehension of chemistry, genetics, biogeography, botany, zoology and other disciplines. The beginning student should start with a biology textbook. Several good ones are available here.
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BIOLOGY is excellent online guide for students and teachers. This is a virtual edition of a popular classroom textbook and contains updates to the 5th edition. |
The Biology Project from Univ. of Arizona, offers instruction in Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Chemicals & Human Health, Mendelian Genetics, Developmental Biology, Human Biology, DNA forensics, Immunology, Molecular Biology, Recombinant DNA
Chapter Outlines, Study Guides and Related Internet Sites. A Great website for studying human biology.
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Kimball's General Biology was first published in 1965. This is the sixth edition of 1994, and serves as the basis for this online course. The topical sections below are all keyed to Kimball's textbook. |
MIT Biology Hypertextbook - Home
If you're learning molecular biology or just want a refresher, try this site. Intended for an introductory biology course at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the 11 clearly written, well-illustrated chapters cover topics such as basic chemistry, genetics, photosynthesis, immunology, and recombinant DNA. Practice problems are at the end of each chapter.
More than 50 chapters and glossary. These are from freshman-level biology courses at Maricopa - Estrella Mountain Community College.
Anatomy
Atlas of Zebrafish Vascular Anatomy
The Atlas of Zebrafish Vascular Anatomy takes advantage of the zebrafish's transparency, tracking its blood vessel development with striking photos, drawings, and footage.
Without catching even a whiff of formaldehyde, ten easy-to-follow explorations meld computer graphics and photos of real dissections to simulate the disassembly of an amphibian.
This site provides labeled brain slices and rotating, 3D color computer models of the anatomy of a 13.5-day-old embryo. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed imaging an intact specimen without damaging tissues. The site has MRI movies that let you view slices of embryos at different developmental stages.
Mouse Atlas and Gene Expression
Mouse Atlas and Gene Expression includes high-resolution, annotated images of histologic sections of a developing embryo from 5.5 to 9 days after conception. The site also links to a gene expression data bank: Click on the spinal cord, for example, to get a list of genes expressed in that tissue.
The Origin of Animal Body Plans
For its first 3 billion years on earth, life was no larger or more sophisticated than a single cell. All of that changed when almost 600 million years ago new, multicellular life forms appear in the fossil record. Starting with simple soft-bodied creatures this evolutionary innovation culminates in the "Cambrian explosion," a burst of biological creativity unprecedented in earth's history.
How do you peer inside an egg without breaking it? One way is with high-resolution x-ray computed tomography, which allows researchers to probe both soft and hard tissue, then assemble flat x-ray pictures into a 3D image. The Digital Morphology Group at the Univ. of Texas, Austin, has built a library of the skeletons of both modern and fossil vertebrates. There is also an anatomical tutorial to Thrinaxodon, a 245-million-year-old creature that is transitional between mammals and their ancestors.
Presents complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies.
Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior Resources on the Internet
Animal Behavior Information, Professional Societies, Animal Behavior Journals, Graduate Programs, Usenet Newsgroups, Mailing Lists
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Includes discussions of Innate Behavior, Circadian Rhythms, Honeybee navigation, some forms of learned behavior and more. |
Bacteriology
Bacteria alive after 250 million years
Ancient bacteria trapped in a state of suspended animation for 250 million years are the world's oldest living things, claim US scientists. The microbes are ten times older than any previously discovered living organism and may reopen the debate about the origins of life on Earth.
This textbook has evolved from online and live-in-person lectures presented in my bacteriology courses at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Its contents are suitable for reading or presentation in courses or course modules concerning general microbiology and medical bacteriology at the college and advanced high school levels of education. As an electronic text, new material is constantly being added, and current material is constantly being revised and updated. This is an inherent advantage of the web-based text over the tree-burner.
Biogeography
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The Theory of Island Biogeography was proposed by Robert Macarthur and Edward O. Wilson. It has been a powerful tool for explaining the biogeographical diversity of life, expanding upon the earlier work of Darwin and especially that of Alfred Russel Wallace. This book is responsible for the creation of a new field of study in biology and evolution. You can see this book, and search for others bearing upon the subject, at Amazon.com, or at BN.com. |
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals over the surface of the Earth in both a spatial and temporal context. This is a thorough course outline on the subject.
Island Biogeography and Evolution
This website is about the evolution of three species of lizards on the Canary Islands. Its purpose is to demonstrate to students that evolutionary problems are complex and solutions may involve data from various disciplines of science.
Biology Journals and Organizations
Brief descriptions of various and sundry names that one encounters in online discussion of biological topics and abiogenesis where these cross with religiously motivated anti-science partisans.
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The Center for Biology Education, founded in 1988, has developed and coordinated a spectrum of activities/programs in biology education at the K-12 and undergraduate levels. |
International Organization of Biological Field Stations
This listing of more than 200 stations from Ethiopia to Iceland tells about scientific facilities, accommodations, and research and funding opportunities.
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J. Biol : An Online Journal of Biology Journal of Biology is a new journal edited by Martin Raff and an internationally renowned editorial board. The journal aims to publish outstanding research articles from all areas of biology and make them immediately accessible to all, free of charge. |
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The Society uniquely embraces the entire sweep of biology, and particularly biological diversity and evolution. Most of its membership, whether professional or amateur, is concerned with biological systematics or taxonomy, which involves the examination and collation of a wide range of scientific evidence from such fields as genetics, ecology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and palaeontology and impinges on related disciplines in agriculture, fisheries, forestry, geology, medicine, parasitology and veterinary science where accurate identification is essential to any research. |
National Association of Biology Teachers
The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) is "the leader in life science education." To date, more than 9,000 educators have joined NABT to share experiences and expertise with colleagues from around the globe; keep up with trends and developments in the field; and grow professionally.
Open Directory - Science: Biology: Education
Cancer
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Includes angiogenesis, the role of a proto-oncogene in leukemia and apoptosis, cancer cells in culture, mutations: causes and significance, oncogenes: whose disregulation leads to cancer, tumor suppressor genes and more. |
Cell Biology
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Cell Biology at Kimball's Biology Includes animal cells, the cell cycle, chloroplasts, chromosomes, golgi apparatus, mitosis and meiosis, the nucleus, photosynthesis, polyploidy, ribosomes, stem cells and much more. |
This page discusses pre-evolutionary concepts and hypotheses regarding the origin of the universe and the first forms of life (abiogenesis). Together with a second page, the development of cellular life and microscopy is explained.
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From The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher: by Lewis Thomas, Ph.D., 1974. "Man is imbedded in nature. The biologic science of recent years has been making this a more urgent fact of life. The new, hard problem will be to cope with the dawning, intensifying realization of just how interlocked we are. The old, clung-to notions most of us have held about our special lordship are being deeply undermined." Amazon Books, or at BN.com |
Lewis Thomas: Organelles as Organisms
We seem to be living through the biologic revolution, so far anyway, without being upheaved or even much disturbed by it. Even without being entirely clear about just what it is, we are all learning to take it for granted. It is a curious, peaceful sort of revolution, in which there is no general apprehension that old views are being outraged and overturned.
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Two pages that explain the basics of chemistry necessary to understanding of biological concepts and evolutionary theory. This is a primer, not an intensive course.
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Chemistry and Biochemistry at Kimball's Biology Page.
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Diversity of Life
Biological Diversity and Classification
There are 10 pages that are extremely well presented with numerous colorful illustrations, cladograms and other graphics — all explained in plain language.
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Diversity of Life at Kimball's Biology Includes archaea, bacteria (eubacteria), endosymbiosis and the origin of eukaryotes, fungi, geologic eras, invertebrates, plants, taxonomy, vertebrates, viruses and more. |
Ecology
The Conserving Earth's Biodiversity CD-ROM is an entirely new way to study and teach conservation biology and environmental science. Features Edward O. Wilson.
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Includes acid rain, air pollution, biological control of pests, carbon and nitrogen cycles, food chains and food webs, freshwater and marine ecosystems, ozone, population biology and the human population, symbiosis and more. |
Population Ecology and Biological Diversity
These topics span three pages. See the entire series of pages or select individual topics from the website's Main Menu. As usual for the Maricopa.edu website there are great illustrations and easy to understand text.
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The World Conservation Monitoring Centre The World Conservation Monitoring Centre provides information services on conservation and sustainable use of the world's living resources, and helps others to develop information systems of their own. |
Embryonic Development
Web Resources has links to many other Developmental Biology sites on the Web. These links are grouped by model system. There are links to some of the Developmental Biology journals. Other pages have pictures, movies and animations of several Developmental processes.
Dynamic Development at a Glance
A Virtual Embryo learning resource.
About 5 weeks after conception, we all looked a lot like an 11-day-old mouse embryo, right down to the flippers and segmented tail. Students who need to know the intricacies of how we go from fins to fingers should visit this thorough guide to normal and abnormal mammalian development.
Designed to provide supplementary material for teaching developmental biology to undergraduates. Tutorials covering the embryology of Zebrafish, Amphibians and Sea Urchins. Each contains a glossary and illustrates developmental stages such as fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and patterning.
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Embryonic Development at Kimball's Biology Includes embryonic stem cells, extraembryonic membranes, germline vs. soma: and the biological significance of their distinction, homeobox genes: their role in embryonic development and more. |
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Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law Eventually, the Biogenetic Law had become scientifically untenable. (The revolt against this law started in the mid-1890s by the British embryologist Adam Sedgwick, who noted the accumulation of exceptions to this rule and was able to reinterpret older results without recourse to it. See this page for Haeckel's drawings. Also see Ernst Haeckel's Art. Early artwork in biology was beautiful. This website, although in German, offers visual delights. |
Anatomical Terms and Planes of Section, Gametogenesis, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Frog and Chick Embryo, Histology and Histogenesis, Regeneration, Glossary, Links.
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Multi-dimensional Human Embryo Three-dimensional image references of the Human Embryo based on magnetic resonance imaging. The collection of images is intended to serve students, researchers, clinicians, and the general public interested in studying and teaching human development. |
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Spiky and rotund, an adult sea urchin looks more like a big, wet cocklebur than one of our close kin. Yet the early stages of development are very similar in makes thesehumans and urchins, which marine echinoderms excellent subjects for labs on embryology. |
You do not have to have a copy of Developmental Biology (Fifth edition) published by Sinauer Associates, to play here. A fantastic website.
Evolution
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Evolution at Kimball's Biology Includes evolution and adaptation, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Hominoids, abiotic synthesis of organic molecules, polymorphisms and speciation. This is basic information covered in greater depth elsewhere. |
Evolution of Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the favored way of many organisms. New combinations of genes can be assembled on the same chromosomes through recombination. Independent assortment during meiosis, which changes combinations of chromosomes, generates endless genetic diversity.
Evolution of the Heart Over Time
The heart that now pumps blood through your body is a marvel of evolution which has taken millions of years to perfect. This is a brief account of how the organ changed from the exceedingly simple heart of a worm to the amazingly efficient, four chambered heart of a human.
For Students and Teachers. Evolution is the unifying theory for all of Biology.
History of Evolutionary Biology
Named for a defunct genus of mammals, Lefalophodon introduces the early scientists who inspired, shaped, defended, and nurtured evolutionary biology. This who's who of biology profiles more than 50 thinkers who worked between 1800 and 1950.
General Science
From the National Laboratory for Applied Network Research, this is a very large catalong of websites in all the sciences (of which this is a link to 150 online Biological projects). Most of these sites will be for advanced students who can find the List of Disciplines here.
California State University Biological Sciences Web Server
This is a superlative collection of resources.
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General Science at Kimball's Biology Includes scientific methods and scientific papers. Although just two topics listed here, they are fundamental to the understanding of science — what it is and how science is done. Everyone should read this material. |
The Nature of Science and Biology
An introduction to the scientific method, development of theories, and ways in which science increases our understanding of the natural world and universe.
What is a Species, and What is Not?
"What is a Species, and What is Not?" by Ernst Mayr. The biological species concept, is it adequate?
Genetics, DNA and RNA
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Beginner's Guide to Molecular Biology Students in biology will find this site useful. Teachers might find that the information covers some of the course material for the national curriculum (UK) for a level and gcses. |
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DNA and RNA at Kimball's Biology Includes recombination, repair and replication, base pairing, gene expression and gene therapy, the gentic code, genome sizes, mutations, restriction enzymes, transcription and much, much more. Includes crossing over and genetic recombination in meiosis, gene mapping with three-point crosses, Mendel's monohybrid crosses, one gene - one enzyme theory and transposons: jumping genes. |
Covers heredity, historical perspectives, the Monk and his peas, mutations, and terminology. Be sure to see the following pages on DNA and genetics from the website's Main Menu.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
A large archive (mostly technical papers) from 18 years of Journal.
Immunology
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Immunology at Kimball's Biology Includes topics such as AIDS, allergies, antigens, asthma, B Cells and T Cells: lymphocytes of the immune system, cancer immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, regulatory T cells, vaccines and more. |
Over 25 clips and animations capture explosive bacterial growth, HIV reproduction, amoebas snarfing their prey, and other microbial dramas. There are also how-to pages on microbiology lab procedures such as viewing specimens with bright-field microscopy and inoculating agar plates.
Microbiology
Microbe Zoo at Mich. State Univ.
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An educational program of the American Society for Microbiology |
The microbiology textbook has been selected as a quality web site for current web contents by ISI. This is a prestigious award.
Neurology
Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections
Instead of row after row of jars, this online brain museum stocks images of whole brains of more than 100 mammalian species--from humans to dolphins to tree shrews--and stained thin sections for 15 species. Backgrounders cover topics such as brain nomenclature and how to infer the brain structure of extinct animals from impressions inside fossil skulls.
Neuroscience for Kids lists many animals that are venomous or toxic in some way. We all know that bees can sting and that some snakes and spiders are venomous. But did you know an octopus and some birds and fish are toxic too? The Pitohui are New Guinian birds recently found to have toxins on their skin and feathers. Some species of Puffer Fish, among others, require delicate handling during preparation as food for humans.
Includes sites such as the Whole Brain Atlas, offering labeled CT, MRI, and other scans of the human brain. Online tutorials help learn about eye function or neuroanatomy.
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Primate Brain Information System For neuroscientists baffled by the many alternative names given to similar central nervous system structures in different species, BrainInfo offers welcome relief. The site sorts out 6500 names and synonyms for about 860 structures and gathers information on them from databases. |
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means peering at grainy, gray brain slices. Bringing some relief to sore eyes is this 3D reconstruction of a human brain. The site offers a host of resources for teaching and research. |
Physiology
Twelve beautifully illustrated pages dealing with animal cells, tissues and organs. See the entire series of pages or select individual topics from the website's Main Menu.
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Physiology at Kimball's Biology Includes aging, blood, bone, breathing, circulation, hearing. hormones, organs, the lymphatic system, metabolism, olfaction, pain, pheremones, sexual reproduction, touch, vision and much more. |
Plant Biology
A leaf may be viewed as a solar collector crammed full of photosynthetic cells. The raw materials of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen, leave. This is a highly illustrated and colorful presentation.
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Plant Biology at Kimball's Biology Includes angiosperm life cycle, asexual reproduction in plants, plant cells, chlorophyll, germination of seeds, the leaf, photosynthesis, roots, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, transpiration and more. |
There are a series of five pages dealing with plant biology. They are colorful presentations, nicely illustrated, and very informative. Be sure to see the following pages on DNA and genetics from the website's Main Menu.
Virology
The site also describes the challenges of stamping out polio in its last strongholds in 10 Asian and African countries. Public health leaders hope to certify these places as disease-free by 2005 if enough money can be raised: The site invites visitors to donate.
Introduction To Molecular Virology
If one defines life from the bottom up, from the simplest forms capable of displaying attributes of a living thing, one that the only real criterion for life is the ability to replicate.
From the Institute for Molecular Virology.
Illustrates and describes icosahedral virus structures in the Protein Data Bank.
MicroPhoto Library. The head of a dress-maker's pin can provide seating accommodation for five hundred million rhinoviruses (cause of the common cold)!
Viruses From Structure to Biology
Tracks the progress of structural virology from the first crystallization of tobacco mosaic virus in 1935 to modern efforts to banish polio. Six chapters relate key milestones, such as deciphering the structure of hemagglutinin, one of the proteins jutting from the surface of the influenza virus.
Each week, the National Atlas includes a new series of maps from West Nile Virus surveillance activities led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There are three types of map services: online interactive maps, dynamic multimedia maps, and maps for printing and reproduction.
Zoology
Caenorhabditis elegans is a small (about 1 mm long) soil nematode found in temperate regions. In the 1960's Sydney Brenner began using it to study the genetics of development and neurobiology. Since then the community of C. elegans researchers has expanded to over a thousand.
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Red Tides: Harmful Algal Blooms This page is supported by a NSFoundation / NOAA grant to the National Office for Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algal Blooms at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. |
I give special thanks to Bob Patterson for helping me with this list of links. These were originally compiled and coded by him, and he handed over the page to me.
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